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If another set of quotation marks is nested inside single quotation marks, double quotation marks are used again, and they continue to alternate as necessary though this is rarely done.
British publishing is regarded as more flexible about whether double or single quotation marks should be used. Different varieties and styles of English have different conventions regarding whether terminal punctuation should be written inside or outside the quotation marks. North American printing usually puts full stops and commas but not colons, semicolons, exclamation or question marks inside the closing quotation mark, whether it is part of the original quoted material or not.
The closing single quotation mark is identical in form to the apostrophe and similar to the prime symbol. The double quotation mark is identical to the ditto mark in English-language usage. It is also similar to—and often used to represent—the double prime symbol. These all serve different purposes. Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.
Contemporary Bulgarian employs em dash or quotation horizontal bar followed by a space characer at the beginning of each direct-speech segment by a different character in order to mark direct speech in prose and in most journalistic question and answer interviews ; in such cases, the use of standard quotation marks is left for in-text citations or to mark the names of institutions, companies, and sometimes also brand or model names. Air quotes are also widely used in face-to-face communication in contemporary Bulgarian but usually resemble " The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting.
Neutral straight quotation marks, " and ' , are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites. Although not generally common in the Netherlands any more, double angle guillemet quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Some fonts, e. Verdana , were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.
Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German. Double right-pointing angular quotes, »…» , can also be used. Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a non-breaking space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted see section Quotation dash below.
A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation. French uses angle quotation marks guillemets , or duck-foot quotes , adding a 'quarter-em space' [a] within the quotes. Many people now use the non-breaking space , because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable , and the quarter-em glyph is omitted from many fonts.
Even more commonly, many people just put a normal breaking space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard; furthermore, many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement.
Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word. This parallels normal usage in other languages, e. They were different from English quotes because they were standing like today's guillemets on the baseline like lowercase letters , and not above it like apostrophes and English quotation marks or hanging down from it like commas. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like small parentheses.
The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right like today's French closing guillemets. They must be used with non-breaking spaces , preferably narrow, if available, i. Legacy support of narrow non-breakable spaces was done at rendering level only, without interoperability as provided by Unicode support.
In old-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text including multiple paragraphs , an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation.
This convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks occurred even if there is a word hyphenation break. Given this feature has been obsoleted, there is no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word-processors. Old-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e-mail:.
Unlike English, French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. The French Imprimerie nationale cf. The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the use of guillemets. But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics.
Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:. Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation.
For other languages employing dashes, see section Quotation dash below. The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just nonverbal text such as "he said" as previously noted , but also as long as the conversion extends.
The quotation marks end at the last spoken text rather than extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken. A closing quotation mark, » , is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph. In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform unpaired apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:. A quotation dash is also used, and is predominant in belletristic literature. The PWN rules state:.
In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries , as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.
In Polish books and publications, this style for use of guillemets also known as »German quotes« is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs.
Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues, and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction.
An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash , especially so in newspaper texts. Neither the Portuguese language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used. In Portugal , the angular quotation marks [53] [58] ex. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, used normally by typographers.
It is that also the chosen representation for displaying quotation marks in reference sources, [57] [75] [76] and it is also the chosen representation from some sites dedicated to the Portuguese Language. The usage of curved quotation marks ex.
This can be verified by the difference between a Portuguese keyboard which possesses a specific key for « and for » and a Brazilian keyboard. The Portuguese-speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks.
Pushkin wrote to Delvig: "Waiting for 'Gypsies', and publish at once. One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: 'I prefer to read dictionaries than poems. The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way'. It's a joke, but 'reading dictionaries' is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem.
Spanish uses angled quotation marks comillas latinas or angulares as well, but always without the spaces. And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is: [80].
While logged into Windows, you can run Windows applications at full-speed using all your available memory and processor cores.
This contrasts with virtual machines, which can only use a set percentage of resources since your host OS is still running. Otherwise, this is one of the easiest ways to get the full Windows experience on your Mac without losing any power or functionality. Visit: Boot Camp Free. VMWare is a heavy hitter in the field of virtualization. While it's focused primarily on large-scale enterprise solutions, VMWare Fusion Player is designed with home users in mind.
This latest edition was designed to be more user-friendly than earlier versions, while still offering advanced features that appeal to app developers or tech hobbyists. Also read: Windows 11 vs macOS and what Apple should copy. However newer M1 Macs can only use virtualisation to run Windows, and even then you have to jump through a few hoops in order to obtain the new version of Windows On ARM. If you are looking for a free way to run Windows on your Mac read this: How to run Windows 10 on a Mac for free.
Windows 11 has quite high system requirements — including the need for a special security chip known as TPM 2. There are, however, some limitations for new M1 Macs. Other improvements for both Intel and M1 Macs include the ability to copy text and graphics from Windows applications into the new Quick Notes that are part of Monterey.
The pricing situation is a little complicated, though. For more information read our full Parallels Desktop 17 review. For many years, VMWare Fusion was in lock-step with Parallels Desktop, with the two rivals releasing regular updates and competing for the top spot in the Mac virtualization market.
The last major update for Fusion was version But, of course, quite a lot has happened in the Mac world since then — including macOS Monterey, and the little matter of an entirely new generation of M1 Macs that use Apple Silicon rather than Intel processors.
This Preview is available free of charge although, of course, you have to be careful when running any preview or beta software and relying on it for important work projects. In other words, Fusion is slightly in limbo at the moment, although the current Fusion 12 is still a good option for owners of Intel Macs that need to run the standard Intel version of Windows.
You can download the update for free here. Fusion 12 added support for 3D graphics using both DirectX 11 and OpenGL, giving Fusion users access to a wider range of Windows games, as well as many professional graphics and design applications. That corporate emphasis probably explains why the company has slowed down development of Fusion — which tends to be more of a personal product for individual users.
However, this shift in focus does have one welcome benefit. At the same time as launching Fusion 12, VMWare also announced that it would release a free version of the program — called Fusion Player — for personal use only, for home users and students. I truly hope MS sees the wisdom in adding this feature back in during future development. I use the taskbar extensively. I will not upgrade to Windows 11 on my personal computer and am not looking forward to the upgrade on my business laptop.
It is going to greatly affect the way I perform my job. Combined with a 3rd party 2-pane file manager, and I have little to no use for File Explorer any more. Anything which can be pointed to by an.
LNK shortcut can be pinned to the dock, and the dock still supports drag-and-drop. Oh well. That will never change. But I do like to create folders on it and drag and drop shortcuts into it. If you want something from history, load Windows 3.
The pre-registry version was my favorite. You could keep your disk lean with ease. No registry to battle. Delete to uninstall. Windows 3 would be useless now. I am happy I moved forward with changes. I trust people will take on board the lesson of history. Adapting may be annoying but it helps keep old minds a little more flexible. Dumbing down is the perfect word for it. New may bring — or not — an improvement.
Avoiding this nuance is demagogy. For the immense majority of users the OS is a monstrosity, eternally facing issues, eternally updated, one correcting previous issues and creating some of its own… and the beat goes on. But people have no choice, really, unless to switch to Linux a nightmare of complexity as it is perceived or to discover Mac, fancy and expensive.
As for myself, I will never upgrade from Win7. Thanks for the laugh! Yes, new is not always better, but you glibly say this as if it is not literally true for Every Single For-Profit Company in History. Windows 10 actually works fine without need for any geeky tinkering or tweaking.
You really do deserve an Oscar for your moving performance. The constant battle with Microsoft with them changing UI elements for almost no reason meaning that every time you use a new version you spends weeks hunting arounf to find out how to do things you could do intuitvely in the previous version. For myself, I like and use Search. Not all the time. When using just the mouse, I prefer the hierarchical organization the Windows Start menu provided.
I liked being able to hover over submenus and have them expand. No more of that in Windows I have yet to see a persuasive argument that the Windows 11 taskbar and Start menu are improvements over Windows Change without improvement does more harm than good. The constant gutting of functionality, and dumbing down, the massive waste of space and declining feature list is more than just annoying. And calling things modern..
Give people less. Screw it up every month. Fix one bug eventually, and add two more. Take control of their PC and take away their freedom of choice; run what I want when I want for as long as I want. Their jobs are to create markets. MS has been paranoid about selling security for quite a while, with Win 11 the most secure digital experience ever! The deal killers are already in Win 10, turn them on.
Third party utilities to move the start menu, modify the task bar, etc. Exactly what was supposed to happen. Correct, but they are all pre-production copies of Windows In theory yes. In practice not always. Sometimes it takes a long time to bypass a Windows restriction.
So I remove driver signing altogether and replace it with a third-party solution like DriverRadar. Drivers signed or not have to be approved by me before first load. Signed does not mean free of any malware. Also Forced Automatic Updates… There was a developer who created a tool which took time to create that protects Windows 10 users from Windows 10 forced automatic updates.
Fortunately we have the WinAero? Also do note that Windows Update should ideally always be disabled to put a stop to its dangerous behavior. Updates should be installed using. You should always incapacitate the capability of Windows Update to install updates without clicking yourself on Apply Updates. Windows Updates cans also automatically and forcefully apply unwanted CPU microcode updates that if they ever fail to complete during update due to e. AC power loss will brick your CPU. Windows 11 has a lot of nice features, but what they are doing to the Start Menu is complete garbage.
I understand that I can also use a third party, but should not rely on third parties and particularly for work. Custom toolbars are a must. I make extensive use of both a Desktop toolbar and another one with my Autohotkey scripts. I am not content with shortcuts on the desktop. I love the look of W11, but is there really no way to turn on labels for taskbar? This dumbing down, removing features etc.. Then they blame the users for jumping ship, of course.
Everyone uses at least one of functions. What a joke Microsoft has become since Windows 8. Just when you thought Windows 10 was bad. Now Windows 10 feels like an major upgrade from All hope for Windows is lost. New layer of broken mobile only garbage? There is no one skilled left at Microsoft, only bunch of dummies run it. Time to start looking for another OS, so its easier by Even macOS has more customization than this eWaste The exact OS they are trying to copy.
This is how Microsoft handles everything: remove your options. This has been true since Microsoft started. Or is this just basically make-work for their developers? It reminds me of a hair salon chain I used to be the IT manager for. Most of the hair stylists only knew how to cut hair, not style it. Microsoft developers are the same: they only know how to remove capability, not add it. This is the first version of Windows ever that I have zero desire to install and use.
I noticed this immediately i installed windows No third party taskbar toolbars are working. I have been using kde on desktops and gnome on laptops for long enough that coming back to windows 10 for work has been an adjustment. Windows 7 had really nice customization options in regards of the visuals — you could choose between three themes:. Classic theme allowed you to customize it however you like based on how it was made to work since Windows
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